Being a Zooarchaeologist: Sandra Olsen | AMNH (2024)

Sandra:One of our biggest finds has been the identification of corrals. These were areas where the Botai people kept horses. On the open plains, they had to have places where horses were contained when not grazing.

To identify these corrals, we first look for a series of postholes where fence posts were once planted. These postholes formed large, circular areas within the village.

Then geochemists analyzed the soil. They found high levels of phosphates and nitrogen inside those areas. This chemical evidence is a sign of a concentration of manure. And because the Botai people had no other domestic livestock, it had to be horse manure.

We also observed another kind of evidence: there was a change in the way the Botai people made stone tools. When they were nomadic horse hunters, they would make very lightweight blades at the place where stone was found. But then, they began bringing stone in large quantities from the nearest stone source, which was 14 kilometers (8.6 miles) away, back to the settlement. And they made heavier, chunkier stone tools. They may have used packhorses to carry stones such long distances.

We've also found many examples of a tool called a thongsmoother. It's simply a horse jaw with the teeth removed. It is used to straighten and stretch long strips of rawhide. Horse herders really need these strips for bridles, lassos, whips, and other ways of controlling horses. We've found so many of these artifacts, we know that they were probably controlling the horses.

Being a Zooarchaeologist: Sandra Olsen | AMNH (2024)

FAQs

What is the historical significance of the horse? ›

The adoption of the horse was one of the single most important discoveries for early human societies. Horses and other animals were used to pull wheeled vehicles, chariots, carts and wagons and horses were increasingly used for riding in the Near East from at least c. 2000 BC onwards.

Why horses are important? ›

Horses are among the most important animals in human history; they have been used in wars, as a means of transport, and even facilitated work in mines. In the late 19th century, horses played a crucial part in developing the first antidote to cure diphtheria.

What are the uses of horses in history? ›

They helped people do work, from plowing fields to hauling goods. And horses contributed to human status, religion, and sports. Horses have also played a critical role in warfare.

What were the contributions of horses in the development of civilization? ›

Humans have all the reason to be grateful for horses. For more than 5,000 years, horses were the only means for people to travel faster than walking pace on land. They have revolutionized war, hunting, transportation, agriculture, trade, commerce and recreation.

What message does a horse symbolize? ›

The Horse symbolizes passion and is often associated with travel and adventure. It's an energetic spirit animal that brings power and strong emotions, just like Leo. The spirit of the Horse can sometimes help you control your feelings and desires.

Why did horses lose their toes? ›

The loss of the side toes may simply have been a consequence of upgrading the anatomy of the main, central toe, and with the boosted-up ligament system their original function was no longer necessary. Single-toed horses appeared in North America around 12-million-years ago.

How horses changed the world? ›

From the time they were first domesticated to the invention of the wheel, saddle, bit, and bridle, horses brought far-flung lands closer together at the speed of a gallop. Trade, agriculture, transportation, and more were expanded in new ways—all made possible by the power of the horse.

How did horses change the world? ›

Impact of the Horse (1680–1875)

Horses revolutionized Native life and became an integral part of tribal cultures, honored in objects, stories, songs, and ceremonies. Horses changed methods of hunting and warfare, modes of travel, lifestyles, and standards of wealth and prestige.

How do horses help humans mentally? ›

Despite their intimidating size, it is commonly reported by clients that they feel safe, connected and peaceful when in the presence of horses. It is through this, whether on the ground or riding, that horses help people regulate emotions. Horses don't hold the biases that are common with humans.

What did horses evolve from? ›

Equus—the genus to which all modern equines, including horses, asses, and zebras, belong—evolved from Pliohippus some 4 million to 4.5 million years ago during the Pliocene.

What did they do with old horses? ›

If they're pet horses or retired show horses, most owners let them live out what they have left in the pasture. Unfortunate horses, like ranch horses, work or draft horses (Amish) or unwanted pets are usually sold to kill pens where they're loaded on huge trailers and shipped to Mexico to be processed.

Why were horses important to America? ›

The horse became an integral part of the lives and culture of Native Americans, especially the Plains Indians, who viewed them as a source of wealth and used them for hunting, travel, and warfare. In the 19th century, horses were used for many jobs.

How big were horses originally? ›

The modern day species of Equus (horses, zebras, and asses) have been around for about 2 million years. They are very different from the earliest known horse, Hyracotherium, otherwise knows as Oehippus, or “Dawn Horse”. This ancient horse was a small, dog-sized creature that lived from 55 to 45 million years ago.

What era did horses evolve? ›

Ancestor of the horses first appeared in North America during the Eocene epoch. The evolutionary sequence of Equidae from the oldest to the modern horse comprises Eohippus – Orohippus – Epihippus – Mesohippus – Miohippus – Parahippus –Merychippus – Dinohippus – Equus.

What did ancient horses look like? ›

Eohippus was very different to our modern horse – so much so that at first it wasn't believed to be related at all. Between 4.2hh and 5hh, it was the size of a fox, and had an arched back and raised hindquarters. Its teeth were adapted for a browsing diet- eating leaves, fruit, and shoots of shrubby plants.

How do horses help us today? ›

Studies have shown that equine therapy has been successful in helping children, teens and adults make significant improvements in a short amount of time in the following areas: confidence, anger management, empathy, impulse control, self-esteem, stress management, PTSD, addiction, anxiety management, emotional ...

Why are horses important to America? ›

The horse became an integral part of the lives and culture of Native Americans, especially the Plains Indians, who viewed them as a source of wealth and used them for hunting, travel, and warfare. In the 19th century, horses were used for many jobs.

Why are horses so good to humans? ›

Feeling good

The mood enhancing effect of being around horses is widely reported and is one of the reasons why they are often involved in therapy for people living with stress or trauma. Touching animals can cause humans to release oxytocin, which has a role in social bonding and relaxation.

Are horses still important? ›

In many countries, equids are still involved in ploughing, tilling, weeding and transporting inputs, harvests and families. Research also points to the value of horses on modern farms.

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